Challenges of Information System ?

Challenges of Information System ?

Although information technology in advancing at a blinding pace, there is nothing easy or mechanical about building and using information systems.

There are five key management challenges in building and using information systems:

1. Obtaining business value from information systems.
2. Providing appropriate complementary assets to use information technology effectively.
3. Understanding the system requirements of a global business environment. 
4. Creating an information technology infrastructure that in flexible enough to support changing organizational goals; and  
5. Designing systems that people can control, understand and use in a socially and ethically responsible manner. 

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What is Information System

What is Information System ?

An information system cab be defined technically as a set of inter related components that collect (or retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination and control, information systems any also help managers and workers analyze problems, visualize complex subjects, and create new product. 

Information system contain information about significant people places, and things within the organization or in the environment surrounding it. By information we mean data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings. Data, in contrast, are streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organization or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people cab understand and use.

Three activities in an information system produce the information that organizations need to make decisions, control operations, analyze problems and create new products or services. These activities are input, processing, and output.

Input – Captures or collects raw data from within the organization or from its external environment. 

Processing – Convert this raw input into a more meaningful form.

Output – Transfers the processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used. Information systems also require feedback, which is output that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage. 

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Data and Information

Data and Information

Data refer to facts. Data can be not only numeric but also text, image, or voice.

Word information (as commonly used) is a very imprecise term with several common ideas:

• It is the processed data
• It has an element of surprise value 
• It has a value in the decision-making process.

Information refers to data having meaning within a given context i.e. useful or relevant data. Information can be defined as:

"It is the data that has been processed into a form which is meaningful to the recipient, and is of real or perceived value in current or prospective decisions".

Data are more than the raw material of information systems. The concept of data resources has been broadened by managers and information system professionals. They realize that data constitute valuable organizational resources. Thus, you should view data, as data resources that must be managed effectively to benefit all end users in an organization.

The data resources of information systems are typically organized into: 

• Data bases that hold processed and organized data.
• Knowledge bases that hold, knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts, rules, and case examples about successful business practices. 

For example, data about sales transactions may be accumulated, processed, and stored in a web-enabled sales database that can be accessed for sales analysis report by managers and marketing professionals. Knowledge basis are used by knowledge management systems and expert systems to share knowledge or given expert advice on specific subjects. 

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Quality Focus in Higher Professional Education

QUALITY FOCUS IN HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

 Post-liberalization, there has been a significant expansion in Higher Education. The number of Universities, Colleges &  Students  all present us a very impressive statistics. It was requirement of the Nation and we have made a good beginning. However, in this numerical expansion – certain very important dimensions of Higher Education have taken a back seat, unintentionally. With the exception of just a few, Quality of Higher Education Institutions ( HEIs ) leaves much to be desired. Relevance of the offered Programs in most of our HEIs has not fully served the interests of the students. After all, what use is an Institution, if it does not serve the interests and meet the expectations of students !  If students are not served, whom are we serving; certainly NOT the Nation. Also, if our Education System does not arrest the social evils amongst the graduates, least I can say is that Education has served its intent only partially.

Also, the  unprecedented expansion in Higher Education has been only in some select fields such as Engineering, Medicine, Management, Architecture, Pharmacy, etc.  It is also clearly visible that most of this expansion is by Private or Self Financed Institutions, whether Colleges or Universities. It is a fact that per unit cost of such quality Professional Education is far higher than the paying capacity of average Indian Family.  Under the situation and with practically no support from the State, the quality of such Education is a real challenge. In my views, even “Make in India”, will be meaningful only if superimposed with Quality Professional Education and blended with “Innovate India”. However, it requires a judicious balance and adequate importance to Creativity, Innovative Ideas & Positive Attitude. That emphasis only can ensure what is absolutely necessary today.

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Software Development Success

Software Development Success


Software development success based on the development of good software consistently and this goodness is multidimensional which is divided into user and developer perspective. The success of any project is based on the iron triangle such as cost, time, and quality. The criteria for success are: delivery stage (process) doing it right and post delivery stage (system) getting it right, which is now shifted as: quality, scope, time, and cost; and there are main five dimensions for success: 1) people, 2) process, 3) technology, 4) project, and 5) organization.
For successful software development, user and developer play an important role because user provides an idea and image of software product which is developed by developer. This section considers successful software development on developer point of view only.
Software development is a complex activity that required technical and managerial tool to manage the software project successfully. There are five main essential factors which affect the successful software project: 1) Start on the right foot means plan properly, 2) Maintain momentum used to maintain or rebuild team effort, 3) Track progress using a conceptual model blueprint buildup that people can see, 4) Make smart decisions means make good decisions to fulfill user requirements, and 5) Institutionalize post-mortem analyses used to learn from their past mistakes.
Project manager is attentive to control working of project and plan a strategy for project success. There are technical and non technical factors which affect project success. There are three types of critical success factors (CSFs) of software project such as: people (7 CSFs), process (16 CSFs), and technology (3 CSFs). There are various situational factors which affect project management such as: clear requirements and objectives, effective project management skills, user involvement, proper planning, and good quality management.

Effective risk management used to implement a successful project by using time, cost, and effort. The success of any project can be measure by resource utilization. The reason of the projects failure can be directly related to the area of risk management undertaken. Further the point of risk management process undertaken during a project impacts directly on the success of the project. Effective risk management should be always undertaken during the project lifecycle to increase project success. There are various situational factors which affect risk management for project success such as: effective and efficient utilization of resources, definition of clear goals, project team performance, and acceptance by the customer.
Existing models of CSFs of software projects have less concentration on communication, team, and product related factors. A conceptual model of CSFs for software projects categorizes the success factors. There are various situational factors which affect conceptual model such as: communication skills, ability to manage people well, company morale, business process reengineering, team capability, and leadership.
Contingency fit model developed by Ahimbisibwe, Cavana, and Daellenbach compare traditional plan based method and agile methodologies. They identify good decision making lead to project success and identify or categorize CSFs. There are total 37 CSFs for software development success. There are various situational factors which affect contingency fit model such as: organizational culture, vision and mission, relative project size, realistic schedule, up to date progress reporting, and clear assignment of roles and responsibilities.
After software product development, project success is analyzed. Main indicator for any project success is: project and its environment which affect productivity. There are various situational factors which affect project success analyses such as: time, budget, functionality, quality, need, product, user satisfaction, and team satisfaction. To achieve project success a balance relationship established and implemented in software projects.
New product success (NPS) holds importance for every software company. Over the past decades, Meta analytical method has been used to summarize empirical findings on NPS factors. There are lots of factors such as: product, strategy, process, marketplace, and organizational characteristics. Situational factors which affect software development success are shown in Table.

Table : Situational Factors That Affect Software Development Success

Software Development Success	Situational Factors
Project Management	Clear requirements and objectives, Effective project management skills, User involvement, Proper planning, and Good quality management
Risk Management	Effective and efficient utilization of resources, Definition of clear goals, Project team performance, and Acceptance by the customer
Models Conceptual Model Contingency Fit Model	Communication skills, Ability to manage people well, Company morale, Business process reengineering, Team capability, and Leadership
	Organizational culture, Vision and mission, Relative project size, Realistic schedule, Up to date progress reporting, and Clear assignment responsibilities of roles and
Project Success Analyses	Time, Budget, Functionality, Quality, Need, Product, User satisfaction, and Team satisfaction

There are various success factors for software development specified in Table, which is affected by various situational factors. Project management is used to manage the project successfully. Risk management suggests how to utilize the resources to perform effectively. Conceptual and contingency fit model is used to find out the CSFs and shows the importance of these factors for project success. A project success analysis is used to analyze project success. Project management is most important than others because using accurate project management we can develop successful software product. 

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Software quality depends on software development process

Software quality depends on software development process;


Software process affected through various situational factors internally. Situational factors are important to consider at the time development to develop a quality product. Quality of software product depends on software development process phases. Each phase has an individual impact on software quality attributes. Software product evolves over their lifetime because the evolution of software product is a continuous and natural process in which software must respond to developing and changing requirement, architecture, and environment. To develop a mature and effective process lot of resource is required, every software organization want to achieve that at a minimum cost and time. This can be achieved when they effectively utilize knowledge and experience. At present knowledge management is an area where a quality product is developed. Software design is the one of the most essential phase of the software process to achieve quality in the software product. Design patterns are reusable solutions to general design problems that are estimated to improve various quality attributes. Software programming languages are having an important role to develop a quality product. It is essential to choose a programming language based on software requirement. The success of software product directly related to users who use the software. Usability of a software product is the one of the most important quality attributes for a user. Usability of a software product can be achieved using software process. 

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Political versus bureaucratic corruption

Political versus bureaucratic corruption 

Political or grand corruption takes place at the highest levels of political authority. It is when the politicians and political decision-makers (heads of state, ministers and top officials), who are entitled to formulate, establish and implement the laws in the name of the people, are themselves corrupt.

Political corruption can thus be distinguished from bureaucratic corruption, which is corruption in the public administration, at the implementation end of politics. This “low level” or “street level” corruption is what citizens will experience daily, in their encounter with public administration and services like hospitals, schools, local

Political corruption is usually supported by widespread bureaucratic or petty corruption, in a pyramid of upward extraction. And corruption in high places is contagious to lower level officials, as these will follow the predatory examples of, or even take instructions from, their principals. This is why a strict definition of corruption as a deviation from formal rules, and a particular focus on bureaucratic corruption alone, can be misleading.

Bureaucratic corruption can be controlled and restricted when there is a political will and political ability to implement the necessary regulations.

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Digitisation may help to minimize fraud /corruption?

Digitisation may help to minimize fraud/ corruption?

Government is interested in digitization. The current trend is to go digital and everything's going digital in society. The paper/books and files are rapidly vanishing from our lives. The 'money' has gone digital and the bank account is essentially all about the 'numbers' that are displayed in the account. Credit cards have reduced the burden of carrying cash in wallets and so on.

Continuously, digitisation offers different types of threats. Some believe that fraud has become easier in the digital world. The magnitude of the fraud one can make in the digital world could be worth billions of bucks. It's demand for the time that research institute must concentrate on security threats.

Is it correct that digitization can help in reducing / eliminating fraud and corruption Or has the digital world open an entirely new era of possibilities for the fraudsters and crooks? 

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Principles of Computer Sceurity

Security Principles:

There is various principle of computer security which helps to ensure the security. Details with principles with their concepts are given below:

1.Use least privilege: 
By running processes using accounts with minimal privileges and access
rights, you significantly reduce the capabilities of an attacker if the attacker
manages to compromise security and run code.
2.Apply defence in depth:
Use multiple gatekeepers to keep attackers at bay. Defence in depth means
you do not rely on a single layer of security, or you consider that one of
your layers may be bypassed or compromised.
3.Do not trust user input:
Your application's user input is the attacker's primary weapon when
targeting your application. Assume all input is malicious until proven
otherwise, and apply a defence in depth strategy to input validation, taking
particular precautions to make sure that input is validated whenever a trust
boundary in your application is crossed.
4.Check at the gate:
 Authenticate and authorize callers early at the first gate.
5.Fail securely:
If an application fails, do not leave sensitive data accessible. Return friendly
errors to end users that do not expose internal system details. Do not
include details that may help attacker exploit vulnerabilities in your
application.
6.Secure the weakest link:
Is there vulnerability at the network layer that an attacker can exploit?
What about the host? Is your application secure? Any weak link in the
chain is an opportunity for breached security.
7.Create secure defaults:
Is the default account set up with least privilege? Is the default account
disabled by default and then explicitly enabled when required? Does the
configuration use a password in plaintext? When an error occurs, does
sensitive information leak back to the client to be used potentially against
the system?
8.Reduce your attack surface:
If you do not use it, remove it or disable it. Reduce the surface area of
attack by disabling or removing unused services, protocols, and
functionality. Does your server need all those services and ports? Does
your application need all those features?

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Quality of Education and Research

 Quality of Education and Research



The objective of education and research should be for India to be a prominent research nation in which research and innovation are conducted to a high standard, contributing to the development of society and the competitiveness of industry, and  objective of Indian universities/IIT's and other higher education institutions should be for education and research to maintain high international standards and be run efficiently and effectively to maintain the quality of education. Its time for government to concentrate on quality of education, which reflect economy of the country.

India should become world leader in education.

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Importance of Software Engineering

Importance of software Engineering:

Now days, the business of many companies and organizations is essentially based on 

software. However quality is not fixed and universal property of software. It depends 

on the context and goals of its stakeholder. Therefore we want to develop quality 

product. In 1960s, writing software has evolved into profession concerned with how 

to enhance the quality of software and how to implement it. Quality can refer to how 

maintainable software is, speed, accuracy, stability, usability, readability, testability, 

security, reliability, size, cost, and number of flaws or bugs as well as to less 

considerable qualities like conciseness, elegance, style, user satisfaction, and along 

with numerous additional attributes. How best to create high quality software product 

is a complex, separate, and contentious problem covering software design methods 

and principles, so called best practices for writing, developing, and testing code, with 

broader management issues such as process, finest team size, how best to deliver 

software on time and fast as possible, within budget, hiring practices, work place 

culture, and so forth. All this belong to software engineering.

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Personalities Development Tips

Personalities Development Tips:

1. Be a positive as a proton.
2. Be a passionate
3. Handle your emotions with --- care.
4. Share a little, care a little.
5. Praise the one in front of you.
6. Communicate effectively.
7. Be a lion in the face of danger
8. Possess the quality of patience.

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Software Project Manager's Problem

The Software Project Manger’s Problem: 

 Mangers in an organization are responsible for more than managing 

individual projects. Their responsibility spans the overall organizations life cycle. 

Mangers need to evaluate their organization by comparing it with other, 

competent organizations. Project manager has many tasks, which can be 

summarized as – “Plan the Work and Work the Plan”. 

 One-way of deciding what ought to be covered in ‘Software Project 

Management’ is to consider what the problem are that it should address. The 

software project manger’s primary problem is that a software project needs to 

simultaneously satisfy variety of constituencies the users the customers, the 

development team, the maintenance team and the management team. A 

survey of mangers some year ago identified the following commonly experienced 

problems.

(i) Poor estimates and plans.  

(ii) Lack of quality standards and manures.    

(iii) Lack of guidance about making organizational decisions.  

(iv) Lack of techniques to make progress visible.  

(v) Poor role definition – who does what? 

(vi) Incorrect success criteria.  

To have successful software project, the manager and the project team 

members must know what will constitute success. This will makes them 

concentrate on what is essential to project success.  

Primary job of the software project manger is to make winners of each of the 

parties involved in the software process: the project manger’s subordinates and 

manager’s the customers; the users and maintainer’s of the resulting product; 

and any other significantly affected people, such as the developers or users of 

interfacing products, therefore software project manger’s problem can be easily 

explained.

(A) The maintainer’s of the product desire a well documented, easy to modify 

systems with no bugs.  

(B) The bosses of the project manger desire a project with ambitions goals, 

no overruns and no surprises. 

(C)  The customers desire a product delivers reliably to short schedule and 

low budget.  

(D) The users – sometimes too enthusiastic, sometimes too skeptical – desire 

a robust, user-friendly system with many functions supporting their 

mission.  

(E) Subordinates (Development team members) – often brilliant sometimes 

unmanageable – desire interesting technical challenges and fast career 

paths, generally with a preference for design and an inclination to defer 

documentation.    

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Software Project management :Issues and Challenges

Software Project Management: Issues and Principles 

 To manage a successful software project, we must understand what can go 

wrong, so that problem can be avoided. Software project management today is an 

art of science of planning to complete the software project within limited time, 

and using limited resources. we must consider the principles of 

software project management, and explains key problems of software project 

mangers. Project manger uses the risk monitoring and risk management 

techniques to increase the chances of success of project, which is the part of 

management theory. we must know about the risk management and its impact 

on software project management.  

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Web Data Mining research: A survey

Web Data Mining is an important area of Data Mining which deals with the extraction of interesting knowledge from the World Wide Web, It can be classified into three different types i.e. web content mining, web structure mining and web usages mining. The aim of this paper is to provide past, current evaluation and update in each of the three different types of web mining i.e. web content mining, web structure mining and web usages mining and also outlines key future research directions. This paper also reports the comparisons and summary of various methods of web data mining with applications, which gives the overview of development in research and some important research issues.

Please see articlehttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5705856/

Published in: Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), 2010 IEEE International Conference on

Date of Conference: 28-29 Dec. 2010

Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 31 January 2011

 ISBN Information:

 

INSPEC Accession Number: 11822745

DOI: 10.1109/ICCIC.2010.5705856

Publisher: IEEE

Conference Location: Coimbatore, India

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Hybrid Spiral Model to Improve Software Quality Using Knowledge Management

International Journal of Performability Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 4, July 2016, pp. 341-352 © Totem Publisher, Inc., 4625 Stargazer Dr., Plano,
Texas 75024, U.S.A

Hybrid Spiral Model to Improve Software Quality Using Knowledge Management
BRIJENDRA SINGH AND SHIKHA GAUTAM

ICT Research Lab, Department of Computer Science University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
(Received on June 08, 2016, revised on June 17, 2016)

Abstract: In a fast and dynamic competitive environment it is not easy to survive and maintain a credit in market. It can be possible when user/customer trust on product quality and its performance. This can be possible when process is well defined because quality of product directly related to the quality of process. To develop a mature and effective process lot of resources is required, every organization want to achieve that at a minimum cost and time. That can be achieved when they effectively utilize the knowledge and experience. At present knowledge management is an area where quality is derived. In this paper we show how knowledge management is used to achieve quality in finished product and proposed a hybrid spiral model which is integration of spiral model and knowledge management. We proposed a hybrid spiral model to improve software quality using knowledge management which is based on knowledge flow during process. Proposed hybrid spiral model has been illustrated with example
Keywords: Software Process, Software Quality, Knowledge Management, Hybrid Spiral Model, Knowledge Flow. 

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Importance of Digital Learning for Digital India

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Internet of Things: Smart Innovation and Usages

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Establishment of Incubation and Innovation Centre

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