Research and its importance/purpose?

Research and its importance/purpose?

Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. Research is work that involves studying something and trying to discover facts about it.

The different types of research help build creativity, leadership, reading, analysis, problem-solving, and cognitive abilities in a person. It is marked as an important tool for success for any business organization or firm. With the help of research, you can find new opportunities and methods to help you succeed in life.

What is purpose of Research ?

Research is basically done for two purposes: to understand the world around us or why things or process work the way they do and to understand the applications of these processes. In other words, either pure research is carried out or applied research is carried out.

Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it. Research is considered to be a systematic and comprehensive process that involves studying about a particular topic or subject to gain in-depth knowledge regarding it. 

Original research, also called primary research, is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review, or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a primary source character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). 

The term Quality Research and quality evidence are related concepts that have been at the centre of much debate in academic, professional, and public policy circles.

The objective of Research?

• To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it ( studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulate research studies).
• To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies).
• To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (Studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies)
• To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables ( such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies)

What is Motivation in Research? What makes people understand the research ? 

This is a question of fundamental importance. The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the following:

• Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits:
• Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e. concern over practical problems initiates research.
• Desire to get the intellectual joy of doing some creative work.
• Desire to be of service to society.
• Desire to get respectability.

Generally, students are confused on various points, they used to ask various questions ? when they joined the research program in any university. We tried to clarify various questions of students. 

What is the difference between Qualitative Research and Quantitative research?

Qualitative research is an inquiry process that enables in-depth knowledge of the problems and Quantitative research is a structured way of collecting data and analyzing it to draw conclusions.

What is the difference between Primary Research and Secondary  Research?

Primary research is designed to meet your unique and specific needs. 

Primary research is information gathered through self-conducted research methods, while secondary research is information gathered from previously conducted studies. Secondary research is usually where most research begins. Secondary research is worthwhile because it is generally more cost-effective than primary research and it provides a foundation for any project.

What is the difference between Pure Research and Applied Research?

Pure research involves developing and testing theories and hypothesis that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may not have a practical application at the present time or in the future. Thus such work often involves the testing of hypotheses containing very abstract and specialised concepts.   

Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life problems. This type refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using scientific methods.

To understand the characteristic of research design using research purpose here is a comparative analysis:

	Exploratory Research	Descriptive Research	Explanatory Research
Research approach used	Unstructured	Structured	Highly structured
Research conducted through	Asking research questions	Asking research questions	By using research hypotheses.
When is it conducted?	Early stages of decision making	Later stages of decision making	Later stages of decision making

Exploratory research is conducted to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a final conclusion to the perceived problem. Descriptive studies are used to describe the behavior of a sample population. In a descriptive study, only one variable is required to conduct the study. Explanatory research or causal research is conducted to understand the impact of certain changes in existing standard procedures.

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Fundamentals of Software Testing

Fundamentals of Software Testing

Software testing is the practice of evaluating a system or its component(s) through the aim to locate whether it satisfies the specified software requirements or not. In other words, testing is executing a system in order to recognize any gaps, errors, or missing software requirements in contrary to the actual requirements. It depends on the process and the associated stakeholders of the project(s). In the Information Technology (IT) industry, large companies have a software team with responsibilities to assess the developed software in the context of the specified requirements. Furthermore, software developers also perform testing which is called unit testing.

An early commence to software testing reduces the cost and time to modify and develop an error-free software product that is delivered to the customer. However, in the software development life cycle (SDLC), software testing can be underway from the requirements gathering and specification phase and sustained until the deployment of the software product. It also depends on the software development model that is being used. For example: in the waterfall model, formal testing is conducted in the software testing phase but in the incremental model, testing is performed at the finish of every iteration or increment and the entire application is tested at the finish.

Software testing is done in diverse forms at every phase of SDLC:

• - During the requirement gathering and specification phase, the analysis and verification of requirements are also considered as testing.
• - Reviewing the design in the design phase with the purpose to advance the design is also considered as testing.
• -  Testing performed by a developer on the achievement of the software code is also considered as testing.

Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) consists of a series of activities agreed out by testers methodologically to test software product. Though STLC uses the term testing it does not occupy just testers, at several instances, they have to engage developers as well. In STLC test cases are executed.

Fundamentally there are manual and automated software testing. Manual testing is performed by an individual sitting in the face of a computer carefully executing the test steps. Manual testing is a type of software testing where software testers manually execute test cases without using any automation tools. Manual testing is mainly primitive of all testing types and helps find bugs in the software system. Any new function must be manually tested before its testing can be automated. Manual testing requires additional effort but is compulsory to check automation feasibility. Manual testing does not necessitate knowledge of any testing tool. One of the software testing fundamental is 100% automation is not achievable. This makes manual testing very important. In fact, any type of software testing can be executed both manually as well using an automation tool.

Automation testing uses an automation tool to execute a test case suite. The automation software can also go through test data into the system under test, evaluate expected and actual results, and produce detailed test reports. Test automation loads significant investments in cost and resources. Successive development cycles will necessitate the execution of similar test suite continually. Using a test automation tool, it’s likely to record this test suite and replay it as mandatory. Once the test suite is automated, no individual involvement is required. This improved return of investment (ROI) of test automation. The goal of automation is to decrease the number of test cases to be run manually and not to reduce manual testing altogether.

There are two basics of software testing: black-box testing and white box testing. Black box testing is a testing technique that ignores the internal means of the system and focuses on the output generated by input and execution of the system. It is also called functional testing. White box testing is a testing technique that takes into account the internal means of a system. It is also called structural testing and glass box testing. Black box testing is frequently used for validation and white box testing is regularly used for verification.

System testing is the testing of an entire and completely integrated software product. Generally, the software is simply one element of a larger computer-based system. Eventually, the software is interfaced through other software or hardware systems. System testing is truly a series of diverse tests whose only purpose is to implement the complete computer-based system. System test falls in the black box testing category of software testing. Acceptance testing is a beta testing of the software product completed by the genuine end users. In integration testing, individual software modules are incorporated logically and tested as a set. A typical software project consists of numerous software modules, coded by diverse programmers. Integration testing focuses on assessment data communication between these modules. Hence it is also termed as I & T (Integration and Testing), string testing and occasionally thread testing.

There are various types of testing such as:

*Unit Testing

*Integration Testing

*System Testing

*Functional Testing*Acceptance Testing*Stress Testing

*Performance Testing

*Usability Testing

*Regression Testing

*Beta Testing

Unit testing is the testing of a person unit or group of related units. It falls under the category of white box testing. It is regularly done by the software programmer to test that the unit implemented and is producing accepted output against specified input.

Integration testing is testing in which a group of components are combined to generate output. Also the communication between software and hardware is tested in integration testing if software and hardware components have some relation. It may fall under both white box testing and black box testing.

System testing is the testing to certify that by putting the software in different environments (operating systems) it still works. System testing is finished with complete system implementation and environment. It falls under the category of black-box testing.

Functional testing is the testing to ensure that the particular functionality required in the system requirements works. It falls under the category of black-box testing.

Acceptance testing is repeatedly done by the user to guarantee that the delivered product meets the software requirements and works as the user expected. It falls under the category of black-box testing.

Stress testing is testing to assess how the system behaves under critical conditions. Testing is conducted at beyond limits of the software specifications. It falls under the category of black-box testing.

Performance testing is the testing to measure the speed and effectiveness of the system and to make sure it is generating results within a specific time as in performance requirements. It falls under the category of black-box testing.

Usability testing is performed to the perception of the user, to calculate how the GUI is user-friendly? How effortlessly can the user learn? After learning how to use? how expertly can the user perform? How enjoyable is it to use its design? This falls under the category of black-box testing.

Regression testing is the testing after modification of a component, system, or a group of related units to certify that the modification is working accurately and is not damaging or striking other modules to create unexpected results. It falls under the category of black-box testing.

Beta testing is the testing which is completed by end-users, a software team outside development, or publicly releasing full pre-version of the software product which is known as a beta version. The objective of beta testing is to wrap unexpected bugs and errors. It falls under the category of black-box testing. 

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Systems and Softwrare Process

Systems and Software Process

During the past two decades, increasing attention has been focused on “Systems and Software Process”. When systems and software process succeeds - when it meets the needs of the people who use it, when it performs flawlessly over a long period of time, when it is easy to modify and even easier to use -it can and does change things for the better. The business of many companies and organisations is essentially based on software. Software-Intensive systems, such as automotive or telecommunication systems and services. We all want to build system that makes things better, avoiding the bad things that lurk in the shadow of the failed efforts.  To succeed, we need discipline when system is designed and built, we need an engineering approach. During case study research in systems and software process that the research is thorough is not easy. Although there is a long history of research in the software development field, it has been difficult to translate their research guidelines into the software process domain. Systems and Software process is now such a huge area that it is impossible to cover the whole subject in one book. My focus, therefore, is on key research topics based on the literature survey that are fundamental to all software development processes and topics concerned with the development of systems. This book is very useful for researchers wanting to undertake any research project and help them to avoid some of the problems already experienced by the authors and other researchers. The specific objectives of the text book are:

- to provide comprehensive coverage for  researchers in systems and software process

- to be easy for the readers to understand and to serve as a reference for the researches working in software industry and university.

This book contains twelve chapters.

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the subject with a brief  history and a general outline of systems and software process. Software process used to create and maintain software product. It is used to achieve quality in software product within given time and cost. This chapter analysed history of software failure based on output of the researches in literature. Finally, discuss the software process. 

There are various software processes but all must include basic set of activities to develop software product such as: Feasibility study, Requirements elicitation and specification, Software architecture and design, Coding and testing, and Delivery and maintenance. Each and every activity has its own role and importance to develop a quality product. Chapter 2 covers the activities of software development process.

Quality is concerned with developing software products with required quality and assessing the level of software quality. Software processes are significant assets in achieving and assessing the software quality, therefore Chapter 3 is based on software quality.

Chapter 4 is based on product quality Vs process quality. Software process used to create software product and achieve quality in software product within a given time and cost. In this chapter, software process quality and software product quality are discussed from several perspectives to see the relationship of software process quality and software product quality. This chapter also analysed the software process and software product based on the output of the researches in literature. Finally, discuss the changing nature of software process and software product.

Chapter 5 discuss the software process models as a means of instructing software organisation on how to achieve software development, business objective, and improvement goals. Situational factors are important to consider during the development process to develop a quality product. Chapter  6 provides an overview of situational factors that affect software process and analyse how situational factors affect software process.

The objective of Chapter 7 is to explain the Impact of Software Development Process on Software Quality. Process of software development is used to create and achieve quality in software products. In this chapter various quality attributes have been considered during the analysis of the development process to see the impact on software quality. Chapter 8 discuss the Effects of Software Process maturity on Software Development.

In a fast and dynamic competitive environment, it is not easy to survive and maintain credit in the market. It can be possible when user trust on product quality and its performance. This can be possible when the software process is well defined because quality of software product directly related to the quality of software process, Therefore Chapter 9 introduced Software Process Model and Knowledge Management.

Chapter 10 describes Design Pattern, Software Coding, the impact of programming languages on software quality, an overview of programming languages, the code quality analysis, the comparison of programming languages and describes the impact analysis of software coding on software quality.

Chapter 11 covers the Integrating Usability through Software Process. This chapter also discussed usability framework to achieve usability and the software usability requirement analysis as well as usability evaluation.

Chapter 12 discussed software testing fundamental, test planning, test process, test tools and quality improvement.

We thanks Professor S. P. Singh, Vice-chancellor, University of Lucknow, Lucknow for fostering the excellent academic atmosphere at the university. we express my deepest sense of regards to Prof. R. R. Singh, former Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow. We have read several books, and many articles on the web, and in various journals and magazines. They all have contributed to this work. We have acknowledged most of them as references and further readings. The omissions, if any, are inadvertent and not deliberate. Many people have directly or indirectly contributed to the development of this book. We greater to all of them. We also wish to thank the numerous MCA, M.Tech and Ph.D. students who enthusiastic participation in discussions helped me to present many ideas and concepts, as discussed in this book, with greater clarity.  

Finally, we would like to thank the Publishers , particularly Mr. NARENDRA K. MEHRA Managing Director and their production and publication department for all understanding , cooperation in bringing out timely publication of the book.

This book published by Narosa Publication Delhi 

www.narosa.com

Systems and Software Process
Author(s): Brijendra Singh, Shikha Gautam
ISBN:    978-81-8487-661-1 E-ISBN:    Publication Year:   2020 Pages:   324 Binding:   Paper Back Dimension:   160mm x 240mm Weight:   450 Search Results Web results Systems and Software Process: Amazon.in: Singh, Brijendra ... www.amazon.in › Systems-Software-Process-Brijendra-... Systems and Software Process: Amazon.in: Singh, Brijendra, Gautam, Shikha: Books. Systems and Software Process - Brijendra Singh, Shikha ... books.google.com › books › about › SYSTEMS_SOFTW... Software processes are significant assets in achieving and assessing the software quality. This book also provides an overview of situational factors that affect ... Systems and Software Process (9781783324125): Singh ... www.amazon.com › Systems-Software-Process-Brijendr... Amazon.com: Systems and Software Process (9781783324125): Singh, Brijendra, Gautam, Shikha: Books. Systems and Software Process : Brijendra Singh ... www.bookdepository.com › Systems-Software-Process-Br... Systems and Software Process by Brijendra Singh, 9781783324125, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. You've visited this page 5 times. Last visit: 15/2/20

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Analysis of Indian Education System and it's Improvement

Analysis of Indian Education System and It’s Improvement

Education in India is provided by different levels that are: primary, secondary, tertiary and vocational level. Which is either founded and controlled by private or public institutions? As a fundamental right, India provides “free and compulsory education” to the students who are in between the age of 6 to 14. The term education system generally refers to public schooling, not private schooling, and more commonly to kindergarten through high school programs. Schools or school districts are typically the smallest recognized form of “education system” and countries are the largest. Traditionally India has focused a lot on theory and with it the memory. Indian education cultivates the habit of remembering things from a young age.

A Stanford study found that in countries like Japan, Denmark, little homework was assigned and students outperformed students in counties with large amounts of homework such as Greece, Thailand, and Iran. The average school day in Finland is 5 hours long and they have very little homework. Korean students typically are in school from 9 am- 5 pm and then attend additional classes at night.

Universities need to ensure that they have the resources they need to carry out their research. So, governments and businesses often provide grants and funding for appropriate equipment. These facilities are in turn often made available to students and, as a result, their study experience is enhanced. Academic research helps students in their personal growth as well. Students learn how to identify a problem and reach a possible solution or develop a point of view on a specific topic. 

Research is important at the university level because of contributing knowledge development, practical improvement, and policy information. Therefore, educators can use those research findings to improve their competences and teaching and learning process.There are numerous benefits for undergraduate students who get involved in the research. Research experience allows undergraduate students to better understand published works, learn to balance collaborative and individual work, determine an area of interest, and jumpstart their careers as researchers. Research is important in our everyday life because it: Gives us a light to inquire about the right information. Develops and attitude to not believe everything easily available. Sharpens the brain and gives it a judicious vision to look. Unfortunately, the quality of research is going down in a number of universities. It is essential for universities and government to reframe the policies of research degree to maintain quality. Corruption in research should be controlled as soon as possible. 

The most discussing topic in India is it’s the education system. The strength of a nation depends upon it’s both quality and quantity of education. We strongly believe that Only Quality Education and research can change society. Its demand for present time to change the Statutes and acts of University and state policies of education. 

Education is the process of acquiring the body of knowledge and skills that people are expected to have in your society. A good education develops a critical thought process in addition to learning accepted facts. It also encourages intellectual curiosity, which will lead to lifelong learning.

The Education System must be improved based on the following attributes:

1. World Citizenship: Education is a must for world citizenship or global citizenship. Such a person always works for the benefits of humanity.
2. Promotes National Interest: Education also promotes national interest. They can form independent conclusions from given facts. An educated person has the wisdom and knowledge to work for the good of the country.
3. Backbone of developing countries: Education is the backbone of developing countries. Developing countries should understand the importance of education and develop a sound educational system.
4. Education produces good citizens: Education also produce well-cultured and wise men. It is often said that the children of today are the citizens of tomorrow.  
5. Enjoy life: Education enables young men and women to develop all the latent powers and faculties of their nature and to enjoy a good life.
6. Freshness of approach: A sound education system encourages freshness of approach. Education should bring out the best in the student, not stifle his mind.
7. Intellectual discipline: He cultivates intellectual discipline and intellectual humility. He is an earnest seeker after truth and knowledge with an open mind.
8. Seeks perfection: A truly educated man always seeks perfection. He is not a specialist who has perfected only his body or the intellect or the mind but one who seeks the development of all his faculties.
9. Earn a livelihood: Education enables a boy or a girl to earn his or her living. It is true that employment does not depend upon intellectual attainments alone. It is also determined by the stage of economic development of a country. However, there are chances that an educated person will get a good job with income sufficient to earn him his livelihood. An educated person can easily meet the basic material needs of life.

Problems with the System

Prerequisite knowledge of students are required for admission in specific course.

       Teachers/Professors are heavily underpaid - Brighter minds stay away from this career.

  Rigid curriculum/syllabus - No room for exploring different interests in college.

        Encouragement for critical thinking is zero - Considered rude to disagree with a professor's view.

Syllabi often extremely outdated - Changes occur at least once in 4 years.

Infrastructure of Colleges and Universities are very poor. We must create a good environment.

Research is not encouraged and research facilities are often very poor.

Political motivations behind government decisions regarding education.

Marks/Score is all that matters. Lack of understanding about the concepts

Teachers just want to finish the syllabus, No encouragement to practical knowledge 

Educational mafias are controlling the education system.

  Educational institutions slowly turning into businesses., they don't have a well-established policy

Parents pressure "What is your rank ?

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Software Development Risk Factors

Software Development Risk Factors

Software development is a large and complex process in which various risk involves in development of software such as: budget overrun, late delivery, and low-quality product. To maintain a balanced relationship between cost, time, and quality; well and accurate risk management are used by software organization. By using that organizations prevent the occurrence of risks that might affect a project.

Numbers of research papers have been publish to identify risk in software development known as: i) Risk Framework, ii) Risk Assessment, iii) Risk Management, and iv) Risk Model. 

Risk framework is used to identify the risk factors which are associated with projects. A risk categorization framework which is divided into four quadrants such as: Customer mandate, Scope and requirements, Execution, and Environment. There are 53 project risk factors which are mapped into the each quadrant to categorize the risk factor.  There are various situational factors which affect the risk framework such as Lack of top management commitment, Lack of adequate user involvement, Execution risks, Undefined project success criteria, and Poor project planning. 

Risk assessment tools such as: checklists or surveys are the simplest form to quickly identify and assess risk. Boehm describes top ten risk checklists which are necessary to resolve. There are various situational factors which affect risk assessment such as: Unrealistic schedules and budgets, Wrong functions and properties, Corporate environmental risk, and Decision-making problem. 

Risk management used to manage risk which is related to development success and reduce the chance of project failure. To manage risks through tailoring processes Octopus Situational Method Engineering (SME) Risk Management Approach (OSRiMA), implemented by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. There are various situational factors which affect risk management such as: Environmental factors, Requirement Management, Technology, and External dependencies.

Risk model developed by Wallace, Keil, and Rai find out the weak area for correction and improve the process to recover from risk. There are various situational factors which affect risk model such as: Project planning, Project complexity, Constraints of process, and Maintenance policies .

Software development cost overrun is another risk factor for software development. Appari and Benaroch have developed a method for pricing the risk factors for software development in 2010. They also identified a list of software development risk factors. There are various situational factors which affect software development cost such as: Extra cost incurred per unit exposure, Project sensitivity, and Variability in project cost.

Situational factors that affect software development risk are shown in Table I. Table I shows the summary of situational factors that affect software development risk. 

Table I: situational factors that affect software development risk

Software Development Risk	Situational Factors
Risk Framework	Lack of top management commitment, Lack of adequate user involvement, Execution risks, Undefined project success criteria, and Poor project planning
Risk Assessment	Unrealistic schedules and budgets, Wrong functions and properties, Corporate environmental risk, and Decision making problem
Risk Management	Environmental factors, Requirement management, Technology, and External dependencies
Risk Model	Project planning, Project complexity, Constraints of process, and Maintenance policies
Software Development Cost	Extra cost incurred per unit exposure, Project sensitivity, and Variability in project cost

There are various risk factors for software development specified in Table I which is affected by various situational factors. Risk framework is used to identify and categorize the risk factors. Risk assessment is used to assess risk factors. Risk management is used to manage the risk involve in software development and risk model is used for correction in process. Software development cost is used to develop a software product. We conclude that risk management is most important than other because using effective and efficient risk management we can minimize the risk which is associated with software projects.

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Importance of online Education for Teaching and Learning

Importance of Online Education for Teaching and Learning

Online teaching typically refers to courses that are delivered completely online, meaning there are no physical or on-campus class sessions. Online Education provides professionals with the flexibility to improve and update their skill set while working simultaneously. This helps them in staying updated about the existing advancements and technologies. Online education serves to be a time saving and cost-effective procedure for any career. 

Today's students are more tied to technology than ever before—online learning takes place at home, on the bus, and even within the classroom. ... Online learning helps students by providing more opportunities for education, whether via apps, podcasts, or websites.

Online learning provides many channels through which students and instructors interact with each other, including email, online chat, and video conferences.

The drawback of online education is that there is a lack of willingness and desire to learn. Students are simply not motivated in online classes. 

Online teaching is challenging and setting boundaries is critical when managing students in the online classroom as well as controlling your own homework environment. ... Most of the time, the online student is simply fearful of not succeeding. 

Perhaps the most common challenge in an online degree program is that lack of face-to-face engagement of students with professors and other students.

Now the time has come to change the teaching and learning process. It is essential for all of us to think on various points to make effective online education.

The pandemic has significantly disrupted the higher education sector as well, The structure of schooling and learning, including teaching and assessment methodologies, was the first to be affected by these closures. Only a handful of private schools could adopt online teaching methods. Their low-income private and government school counterparts, on the other hand, have completely shut down for not having access to e-learning solutions.

Always traditional education is good. question is that is it possible to incorporate those things in online education. Active learning and participation are huge benefits of traditional education. During class, students can participate in real-time with teachers and classmates. This creates additional learning opportunities beyond the course content. Students can ask questions and get clarification on things they are uncertain of.

Technology has an important role, how and what technology should be used in terms of efficiency, availability to rural areas also. Government bodies at the national and state level should start to think about how infrastructure for colleges and universities should be developed to provide a quality education through online education.

One, immediate measures are essential to ensure continuity of learning in government schools and universities. Open-source digital learning solutions and Learning Management Software should be adopted so teachers can conduct teaching online. The DIKSHA platform, with reach across all states in India, can be further strengthened to ensure accessibility of learning to the students.

Online learning is NOT a library of video lectures and e-books that converts class-notes into PDFs. Creating high quality digitized learning content must be contextualized and ‘byte-sized’ to make learning interesting and engaging.

Education plays a vital role in the development of any nation. Therefore, higher education is to be the best in both quantity and quality. There has been a great increase in the number of Universities and Colleges in India. To check and assess the quality of these institutions, an autonomous and independent organization called The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) was established by the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India in 1994. Therefore again NAAC  assessment procedure should be changed if UGC or AICTE is going to implement online education. Certainly, it is not feasible at the school level. At the present number of unanswered questions are existing online education ???

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